Psychological Changes of Music and Fine Arts Students in the Education Process: A Comparative Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the changes in psychological distress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in students from the fine arts faculty in the first 2 years of their education in Turkey, in comparison with students from other faculties, and to reveal the causes of psychological distress, anxiety, and depression in fine arts students. METHODS: The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were applied to students from Faculty of Fine Arts and the Faculties of Economics and Sport Sciences (controls) in the first week of the 2017-2018 academic year. Students also completed a questionnaire measuring their possible stressful life events (at timepoint T1). The process was repeated for the same students in the second year (T2). The changes between the two time¬points were examined prospectively. RESULTS: A total of 96 fine arts students agreed to participate at T1 and 66 at T2 (68.8%); for the controls, it was 259 at T1 and 182 (70.3%) at T2. The fine arts students at T1 included 15 music majors, 45 cinema and television, and 36 handi¬crafts, sculpture, and painting. Their average age at T1 was 21.0 yrs (SD 5.8) and 54.2% were male; for the other students, it was 19.4 yrs (2.7) and 56.0% male. Fine arts students' GHQ-12 score averages increased significantly from T1 to T2 (11.7 to 14.3, p=0.002). Their BDI score averages increased from 10.3 to 12.3 (p=0.044). Moreover, their S-Anxiety score averages increased from 41.1 at T1 to 44.1 at T2 (p=0.008). However, the increase in T-Anxiety scores was not statistically significant. None of the control students' test scores varied between the two timepoints (p>0.05). At T2, for fine arts students, there was no significant difference between female and male students in terms of GHQ-12, BDI, and S-Anxiety scores. However, T-anxiety scores were higher in female students. By linear regression analysis, "worrying about the future (individual)" was found to be a determinant on all scale scores in fine arts students. CONCLUSION: The psychological indicators increased significantly in fine arts students during the first year of their education.

Depression and Psychological Distress in Medical Students, A Prospective Study.

Introduction: The aim of the study is to determine the changes in psychological distress and depressive symptoms of medical students in the first two years of their education process, in comparison with other faculty students. Methods: All first-year students in the Faculties of Medicine, Economics and Sport Sciences were asked to fill out a detailed self-reported questionnaire aimed at measuring possible stressful life events and habits, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) during the first week of their first semester in 2017-2018. This process was repeated to the same students again in the second year, and the change was examined prospectively. Results: The GHQ-12 score average increased from 11.19 to 13.7 in medical students (p<0.001). The prevalence of psychological distress increased from 53.8% to 61.8%. The BDI score average was 8.04 in the beginning and reached 10.1 in the second year (p<0.001). Depressive symptom prevalence increased from 8.8% to 19.5%. No significant increase was observed in the GHQ-12, BDI score average, depressive symptoms, and psychological distress prevalence of other faculty students. The incidence of depressive symptoms in medical students was 15.9%. As a result of multivariate analysis, "dissatisfaction with social activities" and "exposure to psychological pressure and violence" which were stressful life events were statistically associated with both GHQ-12 and BDI. Conclusion: It was determined that the mental health of the students was negatively affected in the first year of medical school education. It is recommended to raise awareness for medical students at risk of mental illness and to plan interventions that will protect their mental health.

RE-AIMing COVID-19 online learning for medical students: a massive open online course evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Clinical training during the COVID-19 pandemic is high risk for medical students. Medical schools in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) have limited capacity to develop resources in the face of rapidly developing health emergencies. Here, a free Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) was developed as a COVID-19 resource for medical students working in these settings, and its effectiveness was evaluated. METHODS: The RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) framework was utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of MOOC in teaching medical students about COVID-19. The data sources included the student registration forms, metrics quantifying their interactions within the modules, students' course feedback, and free-text responses. The data were collected from the Moodle learning management system and Google analytics from May 9 to September 15, 2020. The research team analyzed the quantitative data descriptively and the qualitative data thematically. RESULTS: Among the 16,237 unique visitors who accessed the course, only 6031 medical students from 71 medical schools registered, and about 4993 (83% of registrants) completed the course, indicating high levels of satisfaction (M = 8.17, SD = 1.49) on a 10-point scale. The mean scores of each assessment modules were > 90%. The free-text responses from 987 unique students revealed a total of 17 themes (e.g., knowing the general information on COVID-19, process management of the pandemic in public health, online platform use, and instructional design) across the elements of the RE-AIM framework. Mainly, the students characterized the MOOC as well-organized and effective. CONCLUSIONS: Medical students learned about COVID-19 using a self-paced and unmonitored MOOC. MOOCs could play a vital role in the dissemination of accurate information to medical students in LMIC in future public health emergencies. The students were interested in using similar MOOCs in the future.

Perception of male otolaryngologists on gender discrimination: a comparative study.

PURPOSE: To gather information on perception of male otolaryngologists (MORLs) about gender discrimination towards female otolaryngologists (FORLs). METHODS: MORLs were invited to participate to an online survey. Minimum participation requirement was completion of at least their first year of residency. The responses were analyzed and compared vis-a-vis with the previously conducted similar survey among FORLs. RESULTS: Statistically significant responses on the Likert scale are classified in four main groups. MORLs and FORLs share the same views about financial factors, benefits and opportunities, housework as burden, establishing work-life balance and physical strength requirements. They have opposing views about FORLs being meticulous, exposed to more negative attitude of the opposite gender and men's dominance in decision-making. FORLs don't have consensus, but MORLs disagree about MORLs being favored in pursuing academic careers. On the other hand, MORLs don't have consensus, but FORLs agree about patients having more confidence in MORLs. CONCLUSION: MORLs don't usually have any confrontation with FORLs in regards to the roles of women in the society such as their motherhood role. On the other hand, MORLs show rather a contradiction on their perception towards the gender discrimination mainly in achieving career goals by FORLs such as growing in the profession and holding managing roles. When the views of the both gender group are compared, MORLs don't seem to fully acknowledge FORLs' gender discrimination experience.

Gender in Medical Education in Turkey: The Intern Perspective.

INTRODUTION: Gender insensitivity (lack of gender awareness) in the physician's professional role and practice can lead to outcomes such as gender discrimination and gender-based harassment in various areas, such as medical education, career opportunities, and specialty selection. The purpose of this study was to reveal the place that the concept of gender occupies in medical education in Turkey by canvassing the opinions of final-year medical students regarding theories of gender roles and socialization, academic capitalism, and liberal feminism. METHODS: This study was a Cross-sectional survey. The study population consisted of 1739 interns in six medical faculties in four different geographical regions of Turkey. The reason behind the selection is having different socio-economic factors. Students were selected by simple random sampling technique. For determining it is jumped five students from the lists in faculties. For the validity and reliability of the 14 survey questions, 5 expert opinions were examined and the preliminary instrument was applied to 10 students. Chi-square test was used for comparative analysis. RESULTS: The students who stated that their gender had not affected their educational lives during clinical training reported that it had adversely impacted their internships (p<0.001). More male students than female ones stated that male physicians were more confidence-inspiring and more industrious, that they managed better, and that they were more likely to recommend a male surgeon. A high number of students reported being undecided on the subjects of concepts or behaviors concerning gender/gender inequality. CONCLUSION: We recommend greater focus on role modeling and purposeful teaching of gender concepts from the earliest stages of medical education, with particular concentration on gender culture within a process of change involving all hospital personnel in order to prevent gender discrimination.

The knowledge level and perceptions toward COVID-19 among Turkish final year medical students.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has upended medical education as well as the lives of healthcare professionals. Higher education institutions have a crucial role in the solution of public health problems by training young doctor candidates, and it is also essential to increase the knowledge level of physician candidates about the epidemic. So, in this study, we aimed to examine Turkish final year medical students' knowledge level and perceptions toward the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The present descriptive multicentered study was conducted with the medical students in the final year of six medical schools located in six geographic regions of Turkey. After ethical approval, data were gathered using an online questionnaire through Google forms between 10 April 2020, and 20 April 2020. RESULTS: In this national survey study, 860 volunteers answered the questions thoroughly. The median age was 24 (22-38) years. A total of 55.3% of the participants were female. The median knowledge level score was 69.0 (0-93.1). The knowledge level was moderate. A total of 34.2% of the participants had a high level of knowledge. A total of 48.7% of participants stated that they felt the most competent about performing CPR. Updates about COVID-19 were followed regularly by 84.5% of the participants. CONCLUSION: We determined that final year medical students are knowledgeable and aware of this pandemic. We, medical educators, should inculcate relevant knowledge and educate the medical students to improve practices in the current pandemic, as well as for future epidemics. Different learning techniques should be added to the curriculum, especially at the time which widespread panic and uncertainty are prevalent.

Internalized Stigma in Pediatric Psoriasis: A Comparative Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Internalized stigma, adoption of negative attitudes and stereotypes of the society regarding persons' illness, has not been studied previously in pediatric psoriasis patients. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the internalized stigma in pediatric psoriasis patients and to determine differences according to factors affecting internalized stigma compared to adult psoriasis patients. METHODS: This multicenter, cross-sectional, comparative study included 125 pediatric (55 female, 70 male; mean age±standard deviation [SD], 14.59±2.87 years) and 1,235 adult psoriasis patients (577 female, 658 male; mean age±SD, 43.3±13.7 years). Psoriasis Internalized Stigma Scale (PISS), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Perceived Health Status (PHS), and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-12 were the scales used in the study. RESULTS: The mean PISS was 58.48±14.9 in pediatric group. When PISS subscales of groups were compared, the pediatric group had significantly higher stigma resistance (p=0.01) whereas adult group had higher scores of alienation (p=0.01) and stereotype endorsement (p=0.04). There was a strong correlation between mean values of PISS and DLQI (r=0.423, p=0.001). High internalized stigma scores had no relation to either the severity or localization of disease in pediatric group. However, poor PHS (p=0.007) and low-income levels (p=0.03) in both groups, and body mass index (r=0.181, p=0.04) in the pediatric group were related to high PISS scores. CONCLUSION: Internalized stigma in pediatric patients is as high as adults and is related to poor quality of life, general health, and psychological illnesses. Unlike adults, internalized stigma was mainly determined by psoriasis per se, rather than disease severity or involvement of visible body parts, genitalia or folds.

Women in otolaryngology in Turkey: Insight of gender equality, career development and work-life balance.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to collect information about the demographics, academic ambitions, job satisfactions, career development and work-life balance of female otorhinolaryngologists (FORL) in Turkey and to determine their experiences with, and attitudes towards gender discrimination throughout their academic careers. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective survey study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study was aimed to include all FORL who completed their residency program. An online survey was used to collect their responses. RESULTS: Out of 208 invitations, 156 FORL participated to the survey. The mean age of the participants was 39.7 ±â€¯6.1 (29-75) years. 16.6% of the FORL used to occupy or still occupying administrative positions in their respective medical centers; 15.4% of them used to be assigned or still being assigned to a duty in otorhinolaryngology associations. Gender discrimination was 2.5 fold higher (p = 0.006 OR: 2.55 (95% CI 1.31, 4.99) in departments where there were no female faculty members. 53.2% of the female surgeons were both physically and psychologically harassed for their gender during their residency programs to deter from completing their program in otolaryngology. This finding is 4.1 fold higher than those who stated that they had not been exposed to any such gender discrimination (p = 0.001 OR: 4.094 (95% CI 2.22, 7.57). CONCLUSION: Healthcare policy-makers and institutions should consider taking all the necessary actions to prevent gender discrimination in order to increase job satisfaction and achievements of female specialists in the field of otorhinolaryngology.

Do learning styles affect study duration and academic success?

Individuals learn in different ways and gain information quite differently. Learning style is not the only agent that causes differences in learning. However, it is accepted as one of the most important components of the learning process. Focusing on different aspects, scholars have developed various learning style inventories. Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory (KLSI) was used in this study. Kolb’s learning style model, based on the experiential learning theory (ELT), is used extensively throughout the world. The model includes 4 learning styles, which are divergent, assimilative, convergent and accommodative. The present study was carried out among 146 first-year medical students at Akdeniz University. Data were analyzed by using percentage, mean, one-way anova and chi-square. At the end of the analyses, we observed that 45.9% of first-year medical students were assimilators (ASM) and statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were present between the students’ learning styles in terms of study duration (p=0,015) and theoretical course score (p=0,04), but no statistically significant differences with gender (p=0,913). Findings support that the learning styles affect study duration and theoretical anatomy course scores. Understanding students’ learning styles would benefit to detective of productive study duration for lesson so effective working time on learning style increases academic achievement

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Epilepsy and stigmatization in Turkey.

Patients with epilepsy experience stigmatization quite often. Studies investigating stigmatization perceived by patients with epilepsy in Turkey are limited in number. In this study, we aimed to understand the relationship between stigmatization and psychopathology and also to identify the effects of stigmatization on the quality of life in epilepsy. Patients completed a socio-demographical data form and epilepsy information form. They were evaluated in terms of psychiatric diagnosis using SCID I and they were asked to complete SCL-90 R, Epilepsy Stigmatization Scale and SF 36. The percentages of patients who did and did not report perception of stigmatization were similar in the study group. Depression was the most common diagnosis followed by anxiety disorder. In comparison to patients who did not feel stigmatized, patients who reported perceived stigmatization had a higher frequency of generalized tonic clonic seizures and injuries during seizures and more frequently missed taking their medication. They also showed higher rates of both suicide attempts and psychopathology as evidenced by a higher rate of psychiatric diagnosis and higher score in all the subscales of SCL 90. With regard to their quality of life they were observed to be more disabled in the physical functioning, general health perception, vitality, social role functioning and mental health dimensions. A logistic regression analysis revealed that stigmatization was best predicted by three variables: history of suicide attempts, receiving a psychiatric diagnosis and higher score in SCL90PST. Our study has shown that psychopathology is a more significant predictor of stigmatization than the other variables related with seizure control.

Internalized stigma in psoriasis: A multicenter study.

Internalized stigma is the adoption of negative attitudes and stereotypes of the society regarding a person's illness. It causes decreased self-esteem and life-satisfaction, increased depression and suicidality, and difficulty in coping with the illness. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the internalized stigma state of psoriatic patients and to identify the factors influencing internalized stigma. The secondary aim was to identify the correlation of internalized stigma with quality of life and perceived health status. This multicentre, cross-sectional study comprised 1485 patients. There was a significant positive correlation between mean values of Psoriasis Internalized Stigma Scale (PISS) and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, Body Surface Area, Dermatological Life Quality Index and General Health Questionnaire-12 (P < 0.001 in all). Lower percieved health score (P = 0.001), early onset psoriasis (P = 0.016), family history of psoriasis (P = 0.0034), being illiterate (P < 0.001) and lower income level (P < 0.001) were determinants of high PISS scores. Mean PISS values were higher in erythrodermic and generalized pustular psoriasis. Involvement of scalp, face, hand, genitalia and finger nails as well as arthropathic and inverse psoriasis were also related to significantly higher PISS scores (P = 0.001). Our findings imply that psoriatic patients experience high levels of internalized stigma which are associated with psoriasis severity, involvement of visible body parts, genital area, folds or joints, poorer quality of life, negative perceptions of general health and psychological illnesses. Therefore, internalized stigma may be one of the major factors responsible from psychosocial burden of the disease.

Utility of 360-degree assessment of residents in a Turkish academic emergency medicine residency program.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to test a 360-degree assessment tool for four of the emergency medicine resident competencies as outlined by the Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine on patient care, communication skills, professionalism and system based practice in an academic Emergency Department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using the competency framework of the American Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, a 57 item-containing assessment tool was created. Based on the different exposure aspects of the involved evaluator groups, the items were integrated into seven different evaluation forms. All sixteen of 16 residents and members from each evaluator group voluntarily participated in the study. Internal consistency scores, multilayer and multilevel Kappa values were measured. Evaluator group scores and resident ranks in competency areas were compared. All evaluators were asked to comment on the applicability and usefulness of the assessment tool in emergency medicine. RESULTS: Seven groups completed a total of 1088 forms to evaluate 16 residents. The reliability coefficient for the faculty members was 0.99 while it was 0.60 for the ancillary staff. The interrater Kappa values for faculty members, nurses and peer assessment were relevant with a value of greater than 70%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the 360-degree assessment did meet expectations by the evaluator group and residents, and that this method was readily accepted in the setting of a Akdeniz University Emergency Medicine residency training program. However, only evaluations by faculty, nurses, self and peers were reliable to have any value. Doing a 360° evaluation is time and effort consuming and thus may not be an ideal tool for larger programs.

Comparison of markers of ovarian reserve between patients with complete müllerian agenesis and age-matched fertile and infertile controls.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate ovarian reserve in complete müllerian agenesis (CMA) patients and to compare the ovarian reserve of CMA patients with that of age-matched fertile and infertile controls. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: University gynecology outpatient clinic. PATIENT(S): Fifty-eight typical CMA (type A) patients, 8 atypical CMA (type B) patients, 39 fertile patients, and 38 infertile patients were compared for ovarian reserve. INTERVENTION(S): Ovarian reserve was evaluated via antimüllerian hormone (AMH) levels and antral follicle counts (AFCs). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Investigation of ovarian reserve in CMA patients and a comparison of the ovarian reserve of the CMA patients with that of age-matched fertile and infertile controls. RESULT(S): Fifty-eight type A and eight type B CMA patients and 39 fertile and 38 infertile control patients were assessed for ovarian reserve. The mean (±SD) ages of the type A and type B CMA patients and the fertile and infertile groups were 25.8 ± 5.3, 33.3 ± 5.9, 32.6 ± 4.8, and 33.9 ± 3.3 years, respectively. After age standardization of the groups, AMH levels and AFCs were found to be lower in the atypical CMA group. The differences in AMH levels and AFC were found to be highly significant. CONCLUSION(S): The present study showed that atypical CMA patients had decreased ovarian reserve compared with age-matched fertile and infertile controls.

Assessment of women who applied for the uterine transplant project as potential candidates for uterus transplantation.

AIM: To review the medical charts of women who applied for the uterine transplant project from June 2008 to June 2011 in our hospital retrospectively (18-40 years). METHODS: The data for 144 women were retrieved, and information was collected on the etiology of uterine factor infertility(UFI); ovarian reserve tests; and accompanying anatomic, infectious, genetic and endocrinological problems. RESULTS: There were 119 patients with primary amenorrhea and uterovaginal agenesis and 25 patients with a history of hysterectomy. The complete Müllerian agenesis patients formed the largest group of the UFI patients with better anti-Müllerian hormone levels and antral follicle count. Anatomical anomalies such as a solitary pelvic kidney may accompany Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH) and impede surgery. The mean ages in MRKH, hysterectomy and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) cases were 24.7, 35.0 and 34.4 years, respectively. The karyotype analysis showed 46XX (MRKH) in 109 patients and 46XY (CAIS) in 10 of the primary amenorrhea patients. CONCLUSION: Hysterectomy may deteriorate ovarian blood flow and decrease ovarian reserve. Fertility preservation may be considered in young woman undergoing hysterectomy.

A retrospective analysis of pregnancy outcomes after kidney transplantation in a single center.

BACKGROUND: We reported pregnancy outcomes after kidney transplantation in a single transplant center. METHODS: We reviewed the perinatal outcomes of female kidney transplant patients of reproductive age (18-40 years) from 1987 to 2011. RESULTS: A total of 246 patients were reviewed. Of these, 43 women registered a pregnancy following kidney transplantation. The mean patient age was 31.3 ± 4.2 years (range 24-40). The mean transplant-conception interval was 35.9 ± 12.6 months (range 24-120); 9 patients had a cadaveric allograft. The human leukocyte antigen match was ≥3/6 for 34 patients. The rate of live births was 29/43 (67.4%), miscarriage 10/43 (23.2%), preterm delivery 7/29 (24.1%), preeclampsia 5/29 (17.2%), and intrauterine growth retardation 2/29 (6.9%). Overall, 3/29 patients (10.3%) received a blood transfusion during pregnancy due to persistent symptomatic anemia, despite iron replacement and erythropoietin therapy; 24 patients (82%) had a cesarean section delivery; 3 patients had kidney rejection during pregnancy, with 2 occurring during the 6th postpartum month. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy should be considered a high risk in renal transplant recipients, necessitating close follow-up.

Exploring first grade medical students' professional identity using metaphors: implications for medical curricula.

BACKGROUND: Although professional identity development is an important concept in medical education, the process has not been well-investigated from a student perspective. PURPOSE: This study examines the metaphorical images formulated by first grade medical students in Turkey to describe physicians in the context of establishing a professional identity, along with its limitations. METHOD: Participants (N=148) completed the prompt: A physician is like _____ because _____ to indicate their conceptualizations of physician. The data were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. RESULTS: Altogether, 71 well-articulated metaphorical images were identified - comprising six conceptual themes. CONCLUSIONS: While subject to some limitations, the use of metaphors to formulate and describe professional identities can be helpful in reflecting the personal beliefs and values of matriculants to medical school, as well as providing some guidance and feedback to curriculum development efforts.

There might be a role for CD200 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory skin disorders.

BACKGROUND: Soluble CD200 (sCD200) is a novel immuno-effective molecule, which acts to regulate inflammatory and acquired immune responses. Recently, our study group showed that sCD200 was present in serum and blister fluid in a patient with bullous pemphigoid and a patient with toxic epidermal necrolysis. We therefore planned this study to evaluate the sCD200 levels of autoimmune and inflammatory skin disorder patients and to compare them with that of healthy controls. MATERIAL/METHODS: Our study included 30 consecutive patients with psoriasis vulgaris, 15 with pemphigus vulgaris, and 15 healthy controls. Clinical examination and laboratory tests were performed on the same day. Psoriasis patients were also assessed with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) and pemphigus patients were assessed using the Pemphigus Disease Area Index (PDAI). Levels of sCD200 in the serum samples were quantified using ELISA kits. RESULTS: The serum sCD200 level was observed to be statistically significantly higher in patients with psoriasis vulgaris (96.7±15.8) compared to patients with pemphigus vulgaris (76.2±14.6), (p<0.001) and healthy controls (26.8±7.0) (p<0.001). The serum sCD200 levels were observed to be statistically significantly higher in patients with pemphigus vulgaris compared with that in healthy controls (p<0.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant correlation between serum sCD200 levels and PDAI (r=0.987, p=0.001). Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant correlation between serum sCD200 levels and PASI (r=0.154, p=0.407). CONCLUSIONS: sCD200 might play a role in immune response in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory skin disorders. However, it remains to be fully elucidated how sCD200 can orchestrate inflammatory response in psoriasis and pemphigus.

Effects and permanency of the training program "communication with cancer patients" on the opinions of students.

Learning to develop the doctor-patient relationship is very important in the treatment of patients with cancer. We aim to train our students in the early years of study about this subject with a course on the patient-doctor communication, prepared for third year students. One hundred fifty-four third year students participated in our study during the 2006-2007 academic years. The same questionnaire was given to the students in the 2009-2010 academic year; their sixth year of study. The rate of return for the questionnaire is 88.7%. Based on this study, we have the opinion that the training given in the third year is beneficial; however, the efficacy of the training diminishes with the advancing years, and therefore, the length of this training should be increased in the upper classes and additional hours should be added.

[Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity in pregnant women attending the Antalya Training and Research Hospital for the last four years]. / Antalya Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesine son dört yilda basvuran gebe kadinlarin Toxoplasma gondii seropozitifliginin arastirilmasi.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the seropositivity of Toxoplasma gondii in female patients admitted to the outpatient clinic of Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. METHODS: The seropositivity of Toxoplasma gondii was investigated with the "chemiluminescence immunoassay" method from August 2008 to May 2011. RESULTS: Toxoplasma seropositivity was 33.4% and the rate of seropositivity increased with age (p < 0.05). There has been a statistically significant gradual increase in Toxoplasma gondii IgM seropositivity between 2008 to 2011. CONCLUSION: Toxoplasmosis seropositivity in pregnant women is increasing in our area. In order to avoid congenital toxoplasmosis and the possible complications of pregnancy Toxoplasma gondii surveilans studies should be planned.

Correlation of the summary method with learning styles.

The summary is the last part of the lesson but one of the most important. We aimed to study the relationship between the preference of the summary method (video demonstration, question-answer, or brief review of slides) and learning styles. A total of 131 students were included in the present study. An inventory was prepared to understand the students' learning styles, and a satisfaction questionnaire was provided to determine the summary method selection. The questionnaire and inventory were collected and analyzed. A comparison of the data revealed that the summary method with video demonstration received the highest score among all the methods tested. Additionally, there were no significant differences between learning styles and summary method with video demonstration. We suggest that such a summary method should be incorporated into neuroanatomy lessons. Since anatomy has a large amount of visual material, we think that it is ideally suited for this summary method.